Saturday, August 31, 2019

Animals Should Be Used in Scientific Research Essay

Over 100 million animals are used every year in the United States as models in biological and medical research to study human disease, injury, development, psychology, and anatomy and physiology. Research involving animals has played a vital role in virtually every major medical advance of the last century. Even today, there is no complete alternative to biomedical research with animals. The vast majority of research animals are mice and rats bred for this purpose. Dogs, cats, and non-human primates together account for less than one-half of one percent of the total, and this number has declined for more than 25 years. Since 1979, the number of dogs and cats needed in animal research has declined by more than 50%. The number of non-human primates needed represents less than .2% (.18% in 2004) and has remained relatively constant—in the 50,000 per year range—for the past decade. History The history behind animals being used in scientific research is that is started In Europe and in the US by the early 1900’s and especially during and following World War I the benefits of animal research continued to be recognized. Following the Nuremberg Trials for atrocities by the Nazi’s during World War II, society spoke loudly demanding no research on humans until animal research had made such research a reasonable risk. Today, the majority of people in our society do agree with the idea of the humane and responsible use of animals in research. There is safeguard standards for scientific studies on animals * The USDA has set forth federal regulations governing the care and use of animals in biomedical research that are considered even more extensive than those covering human research subjects. * The Animal Welfare Act sets standards of care for research animals with regard to their housing, feeding, cleanliness, ventilation, and medical needs and requires the use of anesthesia or analgesic drugs for potentially painful procedures and during post-operative care. * The US Public Health Service Act requires that all institutions receiving research funds from NIH, FDA, or CDC adhere to the standards set out in the â€Å"Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals†. * Institutions must follow detailed animal care recommendations and establish an IACUC to ensure that all animals are treated responsibly and humanely Some people think that all animals that are in scientific research are in pain or distress while undergoing the research that is not necessarily true. The 2004 USDA Annual Report reveals that 57% of all research procedures with animals involved no more than slight or momentary pain or distress (i.e., an injection). In 34% of research procedures anesthesia and postoperative painkillers were used. In 9% of the procedures, neither anesthesia nor pain medication could be used, as they would have interfered with research results. Scientific Perspectives Here are 4 reasons why animals are used in research: 1. The principles of anatomy and physiology are true for humans and animals, especially mammals. Once scientists learned that animals were similar to humans, in physiology and anatomy, it became preferable to use animals rather than humans for preliminary research. 2. Certain strains or breeds of animals get the same diseases or conditions as humans. â€Å"Animal Models† are frequently critical to understanding a disease and developing appropriate treatments. 3. Research meant introducing one variable and observing the results of that one item. With animals we can control their environment (temperature, humidity, etc.), and shield them from diseases or conditions not related to the research (control their health). Although human and animals get the disease that may be the subject of a research investigation, the different life styles or living conditions make them poor subjects until preliminary research under controlled conditions has been done. 4. We can use scientifically-v alid numbers of animals. Data from one animal or human is not research; it is a case study. To scientifically test a hypothesis, an adequate number of subjects must be used to statistically test the results of the research. Some individuals claim that we should use human or animals that have a disease to study that disease. Certainly, epidemiological studies (tracking the occurrence of a disease or condition) have provided many important insights into the cause of a disease or a condition, especially when an environmental aspect is responsible. However, epidemiological studies are successful in only a limited number of situations. Only if the study of a disease is severely hindered or not possible when the research subjects have been/are exposed to a variety of environmental factors. According to the American Medical Association, humans are the most frequently used animal in research. However, research studies conducted on humans follow preliminary studies conducted in animals. These animal studies make human studies a reasonable risk. The animal studies are not a guarantee of success, but they do tell us that the human research has a reasonable probability of success.

Friday, August 30, 2019

Dramatic scene Essay

The courtroom scene of act two is described as the most dramatic scene of the play. How does Miller make it dramatic? In your opinion is it more dramatic than act 4?  The Crucible was written in 1953 by Arthur Miller who was born on the 17th October 1915 in New York City, and wrote many plays including No Villain and All My Sons. The play is based on real events that happened in Salem Massachusetts, and even uses real people for characters in the play such as John Proctor and Abigail Williams, although some details like Abigail’s age has been changed to make the play more acceptable. In 1692 mass hysteria took over due to the witch trials as a group of girls started falling ill and accused people of being witch’s and claimed they where helping the devil, casting spells, sending their spirits out, and various other acts of witchcraft. By the time the trials where over, 140 people where accused in Salem alone and 19 where hanged, 13 died in jail and 1 man named Giles Co rey, who is a minor character in the play, was crushed to death. When Miller visited Salem he was able to look at the court papers, and other resources which helped him to write the play. The crucible was written during McCarthyism when Senator Joseph McCarthy, chairman of the HUAC (House of Un-American Activities Committee), started searching for Communist within the American public. People with grudges would accuse their own neighbours of being involved with communism. Senator McCarthy and special congressional committees would then investigate and the accused would have to go to court and be put on trial where it would be decided whether or not they would go to prison as a consequence, which has a similar structure of that to what happened in Salem. Miller had been interested in the witch trials in Salem since he had started writing plays at the University of Michigan and saw the parallel between the two events and wrote â€Å"The Crucible†. Critic’s newspaper etc immediately saw this as an act against the court, and so in 1956 he was called to court accused of being involved with communism. These chapters of his life where capturing those of a mixture of the characters in his play, as when Miller was asked to give names of those he had seen at a communist meeting, he refused even though it could of resulted in prison. Fortunately Miller did not go to prison. The trials had started to come to an end so that could of effected the result of his trial, but he was also married to Marilyn Monroe at the time who was a well known wealthy celebrity who had contacts who where high up in court and so, that may of also had an helped keep him out of prison. The play starts of inside Reverend Paris’s house. His daughter Betty is lying unconscious on the bed and he is praying at her bedside. The doctor has suggested that her illness may be unnatural, and there are rumours of witchcraft going round the village. Parris is scared to go down and talk to them as it could put his position as minister in jeopardy. We find out that Betty had been dancing in the woods with her cousin Abigail Williams, Tituba who is a black slave from Barbados, and other girls in the village, and Parris suspects that it was what caused Betty’s condition, and challenges Abigail about it. She tells him â€Å"it were only sport† and that Betty took fright and fainted when he jumped out at them. Ruth, the daughter of the Putnam’s is also ill and Mrs Putnam talks of her seven dead babies and tells us she thinks they where murdered by a witch. She introduces the theme of revenge as she believes Rebecca Nurse, who was her midwife and praised throughout the village, killed her babies and wants revenge on her for that. Once the girls are alone Abigail threatens them not to tell of what they did in the woods â€Å"Let either of you breath a word, or the edge of a word, about other things, and I will come to you in the black of some terrible night and bring a pointy reckoning that will shudder you†. Abigail goes on to talk about what happed to her parents, who where murdered in front of her by Indians â€Å"I’ve seen some reddish work done at night† and we feel so I sympathy for her, and understand why she would be so aggressive. Betty wakes up screaming and Abigail violently tries to shut her up. When John Proctor arrives on the scene Mary Warren is intimidated and he tells her to leave, the rest of the girls soon follow leaving Abigail and Proctor alone. Like Abigail John is also aggressive, especially towards Mary as at the end of act 2 he puts her in a position where she must choose between him and Abigail, and throws her to the floor where she is left in hysterics as she is being threatened by two powerful and aggressive people who are both threatening to hurt her is she doesn’t side with them â€Å"(In terror) I cannot I cannot they will turn on me -â€Å".

Thursday, August 29, 2019

Explanation of Mysticism And Its Relation To Christianity Research Paper - 1

Explanation of Mysticism And Its Relation To Christianity - Research Paper Example Among the religions that are very much associated with mysticism Christianity stands to be a supreme one. Many researchers have clearly recognized this close association and have affirmed the closer relationship of Christianity with mysticism. The proximity between Christianity to mysticism had led many to think to supplement one with another. In a closer look, one can find out that these two are different even though some apparent similarities are there. The closeness of mysticism and Christianity paves for the analytical study between these two. The proposed study is aimed to explore the close association between Christianity and Mysticism. Various factors concerning both Christianity and Mysticism will be analyzed in the paper and specifically, the researcher will endeavor to establish the fact that religion and Mysticism are complimentary. The essay takes note on the relationship of Christian teachings to mysticism and will analyze the major components of mysticism and Christiani ty through comparative studies intended to expose their relationship. Therefore, the study proposes the thesis that, religion and Mysticism are complimentary in nature, and Christianity has a very close association with Mysticism that stresses the need for prayer and meditation in one’s life. Researchers have often been expressed their difficulty in properly defining mysticism. Of course, the word mysticism is originated from Greek culture. Some regard it as quite similar to asking a foolish question like what beauty is.  

Wednesday, August 28, 2019

The Myth of the Cave. The role of philosophers and educators in Essay

The Myth of the Cave. The role of philosophers and educators in society - Essay Example Throughout the life of humans, they come to know certain things as they found them to be. They proceed to believe that these things are the truth and reality. When they come to be told the truth, they reject it because it is a contradiction of what they know. Ignorance has been said to be bliss. That is what makes people not to see the truth. That is why they vehemently reject the truth. Different people have different perceptions of the truth. That is why there are those who will want to go and look for the truth outside the cave, and those who believe that the truth is in fact inside the cave (Watt, 25). Teachers have to realize the dangers of giving an education that is different from what others receive. Education should not compel us to believe in one single thing. It should in fact encourage us to go and find out the truth for ourselves. All that we merely see is not necessarily the reality. It might just be that we are so used to seeing it that we believe it is the ultimate truth. This is the danger that educationists need to eliminate. They need to encourage and promote the search for the truth. In current times, this can be aided by proper research. Education should not merely be an exercise of imparting already existing knowledge. It should not be an activity of coercing other to believe in one thing. It should be a process of facilitating research and self reliance. It should promote the search for the ultimate truth (Watt, 23).... The reading describes a scenario whereby what is taken to be real by most people may just be a mere illusion. ‘All people living in a cave’ is taken to represent the high levels of ignorance among humans. Human beings are in total darkness. The truth is just near them yet they have refused to embrace it. ‘Being chained on their necks and legs’ represents the unwillingness of humans to accept useful change. It shows that unless they take action, they are bound to ignorance. They have to free themselves from the caves otherwise they will always be prisoners of ignorance. The prisoners watching the shadows on the wall means that this is what they think the world is. The shadows which they see on the walls are what represent reality to them. They do not know any other truth. This is what they have known the world to be since they were born. Their conceptions and understanding of the world are skewed and misinformed. Their unwillingness and reluctance to leave th e cave is all as a result of ignorance. In the cave, all that the humans see is a mere reflection of what reality is. What they see is not reality. It is a mere illusion (Watt, 25). This is what the shadows represent. The shadows are like a mirage that tries to depict reality. Ignorance is very prevalent and humans do not want to let go of it. It is the duty of philosophers and educators to liberate these humans from the darkness. The truth can only be obtained by these philosophers. The senses of human beings skew and misconceive reality. Humans are so ignorant to the extent that they would reject a prisoner who left the cave to go and experience the real world in search of the truth. The prisoners represent the humans who are slaves of ignorance. They shun

Tuesday, August 27, 2019

Patient Privacy Policy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Patient Privacy Policy - Research Paper Example Patient Privacy Policy Evaluation process of the policy involves using questionnaires to different departments in hospitals: workers, patient, and tests on the responsibilities that are played to observe the policy. The evaluation is in terms of the responsibility of each individual, the release of information, employee related information and enforcement of the policy (Danis, Clancy & Churchill, 2002). Evaluation on responsibilities tests the understanding on the importance of respecting the rights of patients by keeping the information on their health private and the need to be sensitive to the concerns when using or disclosing the health related information. The evaluation process also focuses on understanding the policy concerning the protection of confidential information in public areas. Evaluation also is on understanding the accountability for maintaining the privacy of its patient and the confidentiality that is in the information. There are situation that the policy to keep the information of the patients private as it is disclosed in some situations such as those for law information officials as part of an investigation when the patient is a victim of a crime. Once the information is disclosed, the information of the patient is not private as it is to the public and can be known to other people. This is a problem in implementing the policy, as there is no surety in using the information only for investigation purposes.

Monday, August 26, 2019

International finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

International finance - Essay Example Key estimating is focused around a recorded relationship and different financial variables and later focused on swapping scale, utilising relapse dissection, a settled measurable technique. many course readings portray the utilisation of the business sector based estimates inside the connection of efficient markets approach in which either present spot or future rates are the best indicators of tomorrows conversion standard (for an incredible examination see Eun and Resnick, pp. 149-150). This paper proposes undertaking obliging understudies to gauge the future estimation of an outside coin utilizing a central forecasting model. By the by, a standout amongst the most-disputable issues in the global money making concerns writing concerns the part and helpfulness of conventional financial essentials in clarifying conversion scale conduct. Meese and Rogoff (1983) inferred that monetary models could not beat a proficient markets theory. Goodman (1979) addressed the estimation of financial turned outside swapping scale-determining administrations. Levich (1982) assessed the exhibitions of 13 gagging administrations utilising the forward swapping scale as a benchmark. In a later study, Eun and Safherwal (2002) assessed the estimating exhibitions of 10 real business banks utilizing the spot conversion standard as a benchmark. In both studies, anticipating administrations overall neglected to beat business sector based rates. Albeit some of these administrations might not ha ve been giving estimates built singularly with respect to financial basics, this is a striking conclusion. Business area based standards are adequately accessible and cost less while anticipating administrations charge an expense. Major models, on the other hand, do have their supporters particularly as the gauge skyline stretches. It is contended that these estimates may be valuable under specific conditions and for particular corporate purposes. Gordon

Sunday, August 25, 2019

Describe the Physiology and Pharmacology of Hypertension Essay

Describe the Physiology and Pharmacology of Hypertension - Essay Example 2005) (Mackay and Mensah 2004) (WHO 2002). It is found that treating hypertension had lead to 40 percents reduction of cerebral stroke and about 15 percents reduction of acute myocardial infarction (WHO 2002) (Colins et al. 1990). What is interesting data obtained globally in the world found that about 62 percents of cerebral insults and about 50 percents of ischemic heart morbidity can be attributed to sub-optimal regulated blood pressure (systolic pressure above 115 mmHg). This only means that blood pressure should be monitored more closely by trained and experienced physicians. However World health organization found that globally the ability to treat hypertension is variable with huge difference between the countries. In this survey conducted on 167 countries by the World health organization in 67 percents of them there was no national anti-hypertension program, physicians were not trained to manage hypertension in 45 percents of the countries, antihypertensive drugs were not ava ilable in 25 percents, basic equipment was not available in 8 percents etc. (Alwan et al. 2001). Hypertension is believed to be a disease of the modern society, but the prevalence of hypertension in developing countries, especially in the urban areas is now similar to the prevalence in western countries (Vorster 2002). This can be attributed to the modern day of life that is accepted in the developing countries because it is found that primitive people around the world have no hypertension and their blood pressure doesn’t elevate with age (Carvalho et al 1989). This is important because we can see that hypertension is a modifiable factor that is dependent on the lifestyle of the person and along with other modifiable factors like obesity, stress, sedentary lifestyle, smoking, alcohol intake, vitamin D deficiency and other factors. Hypertension however is the most important modifiable factor that can significantly influence the well being of the general population worldwide (K yrou et al. 2006) (Wofford and Hall 2004). Hypertension is defined as elevated systolic or diastolic pressure above the normal reference values. Normal blood pressure is systolic blood pressure lower that 120 mmHg and diastolic pressure lower that 80 mmHg The systolic pressure is recognized as normal in population above age 50 if it is not greater than 140 mmHg and systolic not greater than 90 mmHg. (Chobanian et al. 2003). There are two main types of hypertension primary and secondary hypertension. Secondary hypertension is responsible for only 5 percents of the incidence of hypertension worldwide (Chiong et al 2008). It is a condition where the elevated blood pressure is a result of some other morbidity within the organism that is treatable or non treatable and is the primary factor for elevated blood pressure. It is very important to distinguish between these two types because the treatment is much different. Secondary hypertension can be caused by variety of condition like disea se in endocrine system like Cushing’s disease where the adrenal glands produce excess cortisol (Dodt et al. 2009). Other condition that can lead to secondary hypertension is hyperthyroidism, where in order to treat the hypertension we will also need to treat the primary disease that is causing the elevated bloo

Saturday, August 24, 2019

Nursing Power Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nursing Power - Assignment Example Mrs. Jacksons’ tendency to favor other staff members is a likely reason for lack of motivation among staff members at the work place. Improper conflict resolution skills by nurse managers can be detrimental to the cooperation of members. Nurse Managers should adopt sound practices aimed at resolving any form of conflict at the workplace. Mrs. Jackson’s public humiliation of junior staff members depicts her poor conflict resolution skills. This is a most likely cause of underperformance of the employees. Junior members in the staff are likely to keep any information that may contribute to conflict resolution for fear of Mrs. Jackson’s demeaning treatments. Optimal team functioning in any nursing environment is achievable when leaders create perfect work environments (Cummings et al., 2009). Staff satisfaction is among the top considerations that nursing managers should ensure in the working environment. Nursing managers should focus on developing proper relationsh ips with staff members. This increases the level of satisfaction of the nursing workforce (Cummings et al., 2009). As Nicol (2012) identifies, collaboration between leaders and members of the nursing staff is necessary in improving service delivery. Education and training of staff members is vital in achieving a working environment that delivers quality services. Developing a definite framework for operation is important in ensuring a coordinated staff. Integration between nursing managers and staff members is critical in any nursing environment (Nicol, 2012). This helps harness leadership skills and promotes harmony and coordination among the members of the staff. This also ensures to the realization of quality service and full utilization of the expertise of the staff members. Strategies that offer platforms of addressing nursing concerns are instrumental in ensuring a good working environment. These include committees set to solve conflicts among members of the staff. Poor leader ship by nursing managers of nursing staff affects the quality of service delivery. Supervisors of nursing managers should ensure set up actions that address any concern of underperformance of nursing managers. The case of Mrs. Jacksons involves underperformance in executing the roles of nursing manager. Her supervisor can explore strategies that promote educational and professional skills development. The supervisor can recommend training sessions for Mrs. Jacksons to enhance her leadership skills. The supervisor can appoint a nursing practice committee to assess the performance of Mrs. Jacksons. The practice committee should make possible recommendations on the best remedy to ensure Mrs. Jacksons performs her duty. Re-establishing the strategies of monitoring the performance of Mrs. Johnsons can help improve her management of the unit. Involving the staff members in monitoring the performance of Mrs. Jacksons can improve her performance level. Staff members’ complaints are c redible avenues of assessing the performance of Mrs. Jacksons. The supervisor, therefore, can address the concerns in a timely manner to avoid the lack of motivation among the staff members. In situations when all options are inapplicable, the supervisor can reinstate Mrs. Johnsons. Observations can be appropriate in monitoring the

How groupthink affects the effectiveness of groups Essay

How groupthink affects the effectiveness of groups - Essay Example This essay discusses that in 1952, William H. Whyte had coined a unique term in Fortune magazine, known as â€Å"groupthink†. This term reflected conformity culture that has shaped many business organizations. Groupthink has both positive and negative impacts on group effectiveness. The major goal of groupthink is to achieve consensus through conflict eradication. This approach tends to change workplace environment by shifting focus towards minimizing conflict rather than obtaining desirable results. Groupthink influences group members to act in harmony and this adversely affects individual thought process. Innovation is not a prime concern as per the concept of groupthink. This negatively affects the formulation of the high-performance group. Group effectiveness is mainly dependent on two aspects such as working as a team and facilitating high productivity level. High productivity level can be correlated with efficiently responding to fluctuating market demand and acquiring k nowledge on technological advancements. Group effectiveness is high only when group members are capable enough to understand external conditions and accordingly formulate strategic decisions. However, there are certain positive effects of groupthink in relation to sustaining harmony within a group. Group conflict can be considered as one of the reasons behind decreased team productivity. Groupthink attempts to eliminate this cause by cultivating a common ground of interests. Performance of a new organization is positively affected by groupthink.

Friday, August 23, 2019

Nursing Research Summary and Ethical Considerations Essay

Nursing Research Summary and Ethical Considerations - Essay Example The birth of a child is a very important event in the life of a woman (CY Chan, Wong, Lam, Wong, & Kwok, 2014). The nature of birth a woman undergoes is also important since it also defines her perception of childbirth long after the child was born. Thus, this study was undertaken to establish the perception of postpartum women on what entails the best nursing qualities for nurses attending to pregnant women after birth. The study applied a qualitative research methodology, consisting of analysis of interviews undertaken on 15 postpartum women who had given birth to healthy infants in a  Ã‚   hospital in Hong Kong (CY Chan, Wong, Lam, Wong, & Kwok, 2014). The results of the analysis were extrapolated to give five basic nursing qualities desired by women after giving birth. The experience that a woman gets during and after giving birth can make or break her will to continue siring more children. Thus, if a woman experience during giving birth is positively satisfactory, then the woman is prepared for future siring of children (CY Chan, Wong, Lam, Wong, & Kwok, 2014). However, if a woman gets a negative experience after giving birth, her will to continue siring more children is broken. The significance of this study to nursing is that; childbirth is a very phenomenal event in the life of a woman and giving her a satisfactory experience is very important for the nursing profession. Thus, the study is significant to the nursing profession, since it establishes the qualities that the nurses attending to women during giving birth should have, and prepares the nursing profession for satisfactory attending to pregnant women after giving birth (CY Chan, Wong, Lam, Wong, & Kwok, 2014). The purpose of the study was to establish the best qualities that nurses attending to women during and after giving birth should possess. The objective of the study was to establish the best qualities of obstetric nurses that can lead to satisfactory attending of postpartum women. The phenomenon of this study is that the role of the obstetric nurses is important in defining the satisfactory levels of women during and after giving birth (CY Chan, Wong, Lam, Wong, & Kwok, 2014).     

Thursday, August 22, 2019

Critical thinking Essay Example for Free

Critical thinking Essay (i) Compound argument is one claim made up by two claims with using or or and to combine the two claims in the sentence. The argument has multiplicity on at least one side of the statement. For example, apple is not orange or apple could not make an orange Juice. Although there are two claims in this sentence, but it Just can be considered as one claim only. Source: http://www. westminsterreformedchurch. org/Logic/LogicTerms/LogicTerms. compound %20argument. htm Answer (it) Concealed argument defined as the claim where uses slanter in order to convince omeone of their claim without using any argument whatsoever. Slanters are the various linguistic devices commonly used to attempt to persuade without argument. Concealed claim contain dubious claim to a loaded question, such as When did you stop beating your wife? . The answer may conceal the fact which called as concealed argument. Source: Critical Thinking Information Literacy across the curriculum, Retrieved from: http:// www. bellevuecollege. edu/lmc/ilac/Curric/kint/phi17. htm Answer (iii) In the principle of rational discussion, we have to assume several things such as the erson who is discussing with us or whose arguments we are reading. On the other hand, we must know about the subject under discussion and whether is able and winning to reason well, and also make sure it is not lying. Before involve in the discussion, we must make sure we do not bring in any bad emotion such as fear, spite or pity to avoid unfairness. So that, we will give a valid reason for the argument with rational thinking and lead to a good conclusion. Another thing we have to consider carefully, do not introduce new arguments while another argument has yet o be resolved because it will lead to confusing. Yet, we must provide the evidence for our position or arguments otherwise our argument or claim will not be valid. Source: Hooks (2011). Critical Thinking: The Rational Discussion Flowchart, Retrieved from: http://www. 606studios. com/bendisboard/showthread. php? 208669-Critical-Thinking- The-Rational-Discussion-Flowchart Answer (iv) Fallacies defined as a mistaken belief, especially one based on unsound arguments. It also can be defined as a claim that someone gives to another person is not good. It ay contain some bad emotion such as appeal to fear, pity, spite, and prejudice. One of the example of fallacies: All dogs are animals. Ginger is an animal. So, Ginger is a dog. In this sentence, Ginger may or may not be a dog. The conclusion is not true that direct conclude that Ginger is a dog, therefore the argument is fallacy since there is no prove for its position. Another example from the author, Bubbly, she said that ner triend, Joanna was spread out the rumors without evidence and concluded Bubbly is a bad person. Joanna doesnt not has any prove on her argument and it is ust came from she heard.

Wednesday, August 21, 2019

An Analysis Of Cultural Heritage Tourism Tourism Essay

An Analysis Of Cultural Heritage Tourism Tourism Essay Heritage is property of the world. It has important evidences of past incidents and changes and it is the necessity to conserve it without political involvement and racial discrimination (UNESCO, 2004). So far Graham et al. (2000, p40) suggested Heritage is tremendously concerned in the construction and legitimating of collective constructs of uniqueness, such as group, gender, religion, civilization and nationalism. When we talk about the relation of heritage into tourism industry, at first, holy cities such as Rome are acknowledged as a highly multifunctional and even multi heritage place, as a result, the heritage attractions positively become the feature of Italy for tourist. To manifest the implication of heritage is consequently the key point of managing a heritage sites. As cultural heritage tourism is mostly depending on the history, the event in the past has abundant evidence that how the past travels had been changing the entire pages of each century and affected our past life. Much of it is also passed on form age to age occasionally in the form in which it actually happen but more often as myth or fable. In whichever form it is of prime importance to a tourism professional, particularly in the circumstances such as the one obtaining in India with wealthy cultural heritage having continuity form the ancient (IGNOU, 2002). The process of finding will continue to the future because no one predict that how many real stories have buried in the earth or still has not being found. But somehow scholars has been able to find the real incident of past with the help of evidences of literature which still present all over the world as well as the role of science and researchers. An archaeology department of each country is encouraging the researchers to fin d out about our past. These particular reasons also encouraged to the selection of the dissertation topic, so at first this will focus on past history and development of Ajanta and Ellora caves and then it will look at the past record of tourist information and the with the help of available secondary data from Books, Journal articles, news papers past surveys and the information available from the internet, respective governments and non government agencies such as UNESCO, ICOMOS, IUCN, GHF, etc. Introduction: Cultural heritage conservation is always a centre of discussion in the form of developing economy of various nations. Cultural heritage tourism product is becoming a prime source for develop and developing countries. Countries like India where every tourist gets glimpses of diverse culture in his/her entire journey. India is primarily a cultural destination in international tourism in these are the features of India marketed as tourism product in international as well as domestic circuit. Domestic tourism competition already has begun in India from past decades every states government has been developing their strategies with the help of international organization to improve the tourism. In result due to sudden changes the competition can be seen among service providers as from hawkers to a large scale stakeholders. In scenario market everyones mind has been diverting toward the heritage sites in India, thus its creating trafficking of tourists as well as service providers. So it is affecting the quality of services and facilities. So it shows a different picture of hospitality and tourism industry in India. Visitors/ tourists these are the main driver of tourism industries. Firstly, the different demands and requirement of individual is affecting on tourism industry in India such as tailor made tours and the class of tourist. Also the issues and understanding of heritage tourism by people it may be visitors/tourists or local communities are different. There are two types of tourists are who has interested to visit a cultural sites around the world and the second one who Most of the peoples travel interest is to watch heritage sites around the world and some leisure activity thus it boosting the economy of respective destination. The most important part of tourism is a cultural as well as natural heritage property. So it always remains prime attraction to most of the people to come and enjoy their holidays. This dissertation will focus on the every aspects of cultural heritage tourism industry such as supply, demand, conservation management, interpretation, authenticity and politics of cultural heritage site. The primary data can receive with the help of some questionnaire to understand the real nature and find out what can do more to achieve the overall development at Ajanta and Ellora Caves at Aurangabad. To understand the World cultural heritage site here the UNESCO considers that as a monuments, architectural works, works of monumental sculpture and painting, elements or structures of an archaeological nature, inscriptions, cave dwellings and combinations of features, which are of outstanding universal value from the point of view of history, art or science; groups of buildings: groups of separate or connected buildings which, because of their architecture, their homogeneity or their place in the landscape, are of exceptional universal importance from the point of view of history, art or science; sites: works of man or the combined works of nature and man, and areas including archaeological sites which are of excellent universal value from the historical, aesthetic, ethnological or anthropological point of view. In contrast it is suggested that World Heritage Sites should not only be exemplary situations for the pursuit of research but also be closely identified with the creation and maintenance of different kinds of knowledge (Darvill, T., 2007). People always willing to learn new things or exchange the knowledge between each other, it is nothing but to become aware about our surroundings and changing of trends in scenario market. Here, In the Krakow Charter (2000), a monument is defined as a clearly determined entity, the bearer of values, which represent a support to memory. In it, memory recognises the aspects that are relevant to human performance and feelings, associated with the historic time-line (Vecco, M 2010). Economic In the Times of India there was an article about heritage tourism and in that the Atul Sethi has mentioned that Heritage can become a serious economic driver for India, if the country is able to get its act together. If we take an example as future 2025, so the picture of the heritage site will give different view as no beggars or touts in particular area like Maluti temple, a world heritage site in Jharkhand India. So tourist can enjoy the holistic experience of the temples and can savour the living legacy of the region. The heritage tourism in India is attracting hordes of international and domestic tourist and top of the line contributors to the countrys foreign exchange and GDP. The global heritage fund organizations 2010 report says that developing countries like India can tap a $ 100 billion a year opportunity by 2025, if they make sincere attempt to preserve and responsibly develop their heritage sites. Literature Review: Introduction: This chapter will investigate the perception of cultural heritage tourism and visitor management as well as development of tourism at site by reviewing several concerned literatures. The review will start with the overview of cultural heritage tourism including the concept of Culture, heritage, cultural heritage tourism and cave architecture from different World Heritage Sites to understand the their current scenario of cultural heritage tourism management. The review will be followed by the discussion on visitor impacts, their experience and management. Also it will focus on the intermediaries of cultural heritage tourism. Cultural heritage tourism: Cultural Tourism is the subset of tourism that is defined as travel directed toward experiencing the traditional and contemporary culture, arts, and special character of a place. This includes the performing, visual and literary arts, language, museums, heritage, crafts, architecture, design, film and broadcasting. The primary benefit of cultural tourism is economic impact. There are plenty of statistics that talk about the fact that travellers who participate in cultural activities spend more money and stay longer than leisure travellers. A good cultural tourism plan shapes and defines a communitys image, both to itself and to the outside world Cultural tourism and cultural heritage management work as equivalent activities in most places with really little conversation between the two (Mckercher and Du Cros, 2002). As it shows common interest between the cultural and cultural heritage is the management, conservation, and preservation of the cultural and heritage properties. So the results of this many lost opportunities to provide value to visitor experiences even though managing rare and weak resources in a social context, environmentally and ethically responsible and sustainable manner. Sometimes this loss results in some (and scholars stress some) unprincipled tourism operator exploring local culture and heritage assets for their own personal gain (Mckercher and Du Cros, 2002). Hall and Zeppel (1990a:87 in Timothy and Boyd, 2003) stated that relation between cultural and heritage tourism is: Cultural heritage is experiential tourism based on being involved in and stimulated by the performing arts and festivals. Heritage tourism, whether in the form of visiting preferred landscapes, historic sites, buildings or monuments is also experiential tourism in the sense of seeking an encounter with nature or feeling part of the history of a place. Most researchers believe that heritage is linked to the past which symbolizes some sort of gift to be passed down to current as well as future generations, both in terms of cultural traditions and physical objects (Hardy, 1988 cited in Timothy and Boyd 2003). But in contrast many authors have pointed out that what elements of past a society need to maintain (Fladmark 1998; Graham et al., 2000; Hall and McArthur 1998 in Timothy and Boyd 2003). As there are many incidents all cannot link to the cultural aspects. This makes selective sort of heritage it assumes some aspect of value, that which is of personal value is labelled as personal or family heritage, whereas those values dictated by nations or communities become our heritage (Hall and McArthur 1998 cited in Timothy and Boyd 2003). Hall and Zappel (1990) observed differently that the connections between cultural and heritage tourism, stating that Cultural tourism is experiential tourism based on being involved in and stimulated by the performing arts, visual arts and festivals. Heritage tourism whether in the form of visiting preferred landscapes, historic sites, building or monuments, is also experiential tourism in the sense of seeking an encounter with nature or feeling part of the history of a place. However the most internationally accepted definition of heritage was defined by UNESCO that Heritage is our legacy from the past, what we live with today, and what we pass on to the future generations (UNESCO 2008a, p.5). Furthermore Timothy and Boyd (2003) stated that heritage can be divided into tangible immovable resources (e.g. national park, sanctuaries, monuments, buildings), tangible movable resources (e.g. objects in museums) and intangible resources including values, customs, ceremonies, lifestyles and experiences such as cultural events, currently UNESCO focusing on folk dances of south India as a cultural heritage( ). It defines that heritage tourism as an immersion in the natural history human heritage, arts, philosophy and institutions of another region or country (Timothy and Boyd 2003). The importance of Heritage The importance of heritage and reasons for preserving heritage can be described into four aspects which are social, economical, scientific and political (Hall and McArthur 1993a). In social significance, heritage refers to personal and collective identity people and society have which can lead to create a sense of belonging. The sense of belonging and social conscience is a driver to consider preservation in the first place. In terms of economic importance, heritage is preserved because of its value for tourism and recreation. As being a large scale business, heritage tourism can generate incomes for the sites either from visitor spending or sponsorship from various stakeholders (Hall and McArthur 1993a). Further mainly Heritage have scientific and educational importance since heritage attractions especially natural heritage sites such as national parks may have rare habitat and endangered species which will be useful for scientific researches as well as the monuments and wonders of the worlds creates more opportunities to the scientist and researchers to find out the exact meaning of the past it may be by digging by the archaeological department of each country or the scientific analysis of wall paintings at various world heritage sites (Hall and McArthur 1993a). In terms of political importance, Hall and McArthur (1993a, p. 9) state that the importance and demonstration of heritage may serve political ends as the conservation and interpretation of certain heritage attractions may serve to underline a particular version of history or to promote existing political values. Current tourist demand: According to (Pavliv, 2009) up gradation in the standard of living is become a main cause of rises in fluctuation of tourists spending for example the income generating from the modern tourism commodities. Modern tourists behaviour is the main factor in current tourism industry. As currently many of travel operations that could be from demand side or supply side are in boom because ease of accessing Information through internet. So the importance of information technology in the current industry is the main factor while considering the supply and demand of tourism industry. Also it can be assumed that the personal needs of the modern tourism have more influence compare to old masses of tourism. The current tourism mostly depended on economic mass and production to consume mass, standardized and rigidly packaged holidays. The new tourists are dictating the pace and direction of industry changes (Poon, 1993 in Pavlic, 2009). New tourists behaviour is the most important factor in the modern tourism development. Consequently, here the intention of the research is to find out the main factors and consequences of tourism demand changes. The researcher wants to find out if there is the universal type of tourist for the universal tourism supply or there are different types that require different marketing approach for example the e-tourism method to attract the tourists. Also the goals of the paper are to research the main causes of changes in modern tourism. The stated phenomenon has exerted a great influence onto the behavioural changes, as well as on the change in structure of the existing needs of tourist demand compare with the previous period. While the old mass tourism, apparently identical tourists were forced by the economic and mass production to consume mass, standardized and rigidly packaged holidays of every group of people and individual, new tourist consider the changes in this industry are and it affecting on their individual decision (Poon, 1993 cited in Pavlic, 2009). For ex: tour packages. Vellas Becherel (1997 in Pavlic, 2009) the modern tourist can be classified in various factors and in that three main factors which particularly in demand of travel of tourist firstly, demographic and communal changes. These factors mainly control by traditional and existing outbound market respectively these are two main markets in this industry so as far as concern it has enormous influence on the individual tourist as well as on international tourism. Secondly, leisure time and duration of holidays is greater than before as. Segmentation of holidays and market segmentation. Chapter 3 A case study of Ajanta and Ellora caves The consideration of architectural heritage had been a matter of national concern only at most the laws regarding protection of historic building in Europe date back to that period of their national borders. There are numerous cultural groups live in each country, but their scope never went beyond the boundaries. The cultural internationalism was a result of the First World War, with the formation of the confederation of Nations, and most of all of the Second World War, with the formation of the United Nations Organization and the establishment of the UNECO (ICOMOS, 2010). The chapter provides a literature review of cultural heritage tourism in India, Particularly at Ajanta and Ellora Caves World Heritage sites inscribed in 1983 by UNESCO at Aurangabad, India. These caves are great example of cave architecture from the 2nd to 6th century. It is mainly demonstrate the Buddhist, Jain and Hindu religion cultures. So, these studies will focuses on the religious diversity of cultures in India as well as it involve the importance of heritage visitors management at those sites. And then it will compare with other world heritage sites. As what can do more to maintain/sustain the balance between demand and supply side of heritage tourism industry in India. Increasing tourists and the conservation of heritage sites these are the main issues now days. So, as subsidizing product of tourism industry what are the main significance and characteristics of cultural heritage tourism and its importance around the world and in India particularly at Ajanta and Ellora caves . According to the UNESCO, the Ajanta Caves are the masterwork of the Archaeological rock cut caves. The first Buddhist cave monuments at Ajanta date from the 2nd and 1st centuries B.C. During the Gupta dynasty period (5th and 6th centuries A.D.), highly abundantly decorated caves were added to the original group. The paintings and sculptures of Ajanta, considered as a stunning success of Buddhist religious art, have had a considerable artistic influence. As it mentioned above the Ajanta caves depict the role of the Buddhist community, intellectual and religious halls, schools for self development based on the teaching of Vipassana. In the  Buddhist  tradition which means insight  into the nature of reality. Vipassana is one of worlds most ancient techniques of meditation; it is a practice of self-transformation through self-observation and  introspection. In English, vipassana  is often referred to simply as insight meditation. The caves also was a reception centres in the India of the Gupta and their immediate successors. The caves are located 100  km north-east of Ellora, 104  km from Aurangabad, Maharashtra India and 52  km from Jalgaon Railway Station. They are cut into the volcanic lava of the Deccan in the forest ravines of the Sahyadri Hills and are set in beautiful sylvan surroundings. The most important part is these magnificent caves containing carvings that depict the life of Buddha, and their carvings and sculptures are considered to be the beginning of classical Indian art. And this is main reason why tourist and researchers attract to those sites. The description of the caves is, the total number of caves are 30 but one is unfinished caves so the 29 caves were excavated beginning around 200 BC, but they were abandoned in AD 650 in favour of Ellora. In that five of the caves were temples and 24 were monasteries, thought to have been occupied by some 200 monks and artisans. After 7th century to 18th century there was no any supportive record has found, it may be because of increased forest surrounding of the site and that it was forgotten until their rediscovery by a British tiger-hunting party in 1819. The Ajanta site consists of 29 caves cut into the side of a cliff which rises above a wander in the Waghora River. Today the caves are reached by a road which runs along a terrace mid-way up the cliff; however each cave was once linked by a stairway to the edge of the water. This is a Buddhist community, comprises five sanctuaries or Chaitya-grihas  (caves number 9, 10, 19, 26 and 29) and monastic complex  sangharamas  or viharas. A first group of caves was formed in the 2nd century BC: the Chaitya-grihas open into the rock wall by doorways surmounted by a horse-shoe shaped bay. The ground plan is a basilical one: piers separate the principal nave from the side walkway which joins in the apsis to permit the ritual circumambulation behind the (commemorative monument). This rupestral architecture scrupulously reproduces the forms and elements visible in wooden constructions. A second group of caves was created at a later date, the 5th and 6th centuries AD, during the Gupta and post-Gupta periods. These caves were excavated during the supremacy of the Vakatakas and Guptas. According to inscriptions, Varahadeva, the minister of the Vakataka king, Harishena (c. AD 475-500), dedicated Cave 16 to the Buddhist sangha while Cave 17 was the gift of the prince, a feudatory. An inscription records that the Buddha image in Cave 4 was the gift of some Abhayanandi who hailed from Mathura. The earlier architectural formulas were re-employed but treated in an infinitely richer and more ample manner. The decoration attained, at this time, an unequalled splendour: the statuary is numerous (it was already permissible to represent Buddha as a human; these representations are found both on the facades and in the interior). Finally, the wall painting, profuse and sensitive, constitutes, no doubt, the most striking artistic achievement of Ajanta. Under the impulse of the Gupta dynasty, Indian art in effect reached its apogee. The Ajanta Caves are generally decorated with painted or sculpted figures of supple form and classic balance with which the name of the dynasty has remained synonymous. The refined lightness of the decoration, the balance of the compositions, the marvellous beauty of the feminine figures place the paintings of Ajanta among the major achievements of the Gupta and post-Gupta style and confer on them the ranking of a masterpiece of universal pictorial art. Here needs to understand the history of India as how the past events has changed its culture first major civilisation Indus River valley was found early five thousand years back. The twin cities of Mohenjodaro and Harappa World heritage site UNESCO now in Pakistan were ruled by priests and held the fundamentals of Hinduism. These civilisations are known to possess a sophisticated way of life, a highly developed sense of aesthetics, an astounding knowledge of town planning and an unreadable script language. The Indus culture at one point of time extended nearly a million square kilometres across the Indus river valley. It existed at the same time as the ancient civilizations of Egypt and Sumer but far outlasted them. Surviving for nearly a thousand years the Indus valley civilisation fell to tectonic upheavals in about 1700 BC, which caused a series of floods.   The Aryans came around 1500 BC, and that was the reason to the collapsing Indus Valley culture. At the dawn of Vedic ages the Aryans came in from the North and spread through large parts of India bringing with them their culture and religious beliefs. Pleased In 567 B.C. Siddhartha Gautama was born. After asceticism and  meditation, Siddhartha Gautama discovered the Buddhist  Middle Way-a path of moderation away from the extremes of self-indulgence and  self-mortification. Siddhartha Gautama attained enlightenment sitting under a  Pipal  tree, now known as the  Bodhi tree  in  Bodh Gaya, (A name of place) India Gautama, from then on, was known as  The Perfectly Self-Awakened One,  the  Samyaksambuddha. There are lots of paintings and sculptures Vipassana. During this time lived Mahavira, who founded the Jain Religion. The Indian subcontinent is full of caves and monuments devoted to these religions and are worth a visit.   After two hundred years, in the 4th century B.C., Emperor Ashoka, one of the greatest King of Indian histories, led the Mauryan Empire to take over almost all of what is now modern India. This great leader embraced Buddhism and built the group of monuments at Sanchi (a UNESCO world heritage site). The Ashoka pillar (four lions are seated back to back on single cut rock pillar) at Sarnath has been adopted by India as its national emblem and the  Dharma Chakra  on the Ashoka Pillar adorns the National Flag. They were followed by the Guptas in the north, while in the south part of India quite a few different Hindu empires, the Cholas, the Pandyas and the Cheras spread and grew, did business with Europe and other parts of Asia till the end of the 1100s. Christianity came in India at about the same time from Europe. Legend has it that St. Thomas the Apostle arrived in India in 52 A.D. Even earlier than that people of the Jewish religion arrived on Indias shores. In about the 7th century A.D. a group of Zoroastrians, or Parsees, landed in Gujarat and became a part of the large mix of religions in India today, each of which adds its important and distinctive flavour. In the 15th century Guru Nanak laid the foundation of the Sikh religion in Punjab. In 1192, Mohammed of Ghori, a ruler from Afghanistan, came into India and captured several places in the north including Delhi. When he went home he left one of his generals in charge who became the first Sultan of Delhi. During this time Islam, was introduced into a major part of Northern India. It can be mentioned that even before that, just after the period of the prophet, Islam was brought to the western coast of India by Arab traders and flourished in what is now Kerala. The Dehli Sultanate gradually took control of more and more of North India over the next 200 years, till Timur, who was called Timur the Lame or Tamberlane came from Turkey in 1398 to attack India. He and his army stole all the valuables that they could carry and left again, Soon the Mughals, who were from Iran, came in and took control of the north. In the meantime south, in 1336, the Hindu Vijayanagar empire was set up and became very strong. The Europeans Portuguese, French, Dutch, Danish and British started arriving in the early 1600s. The above people held territories in India and made a good friends as well as enemies among Indias rulers as they got more and more involved, with the Indian politics, however the British who eventually controlled most of India and finally made it one of their colonies. Two hundred years later, in the 4th century B.C., Emperor Ashoka, one of the greatest King of Indian histories, led the Mauryan Empire to take over almost all of what is now modern India. This great leader embraced Buddhism and built the group of monuments at Sanchi (a UNESCO world heritage site). The Ashoka pillar at Sarnath has been adopted by India as its national emblem and the  Dharma Chakra  on the Ashoka Pillar adorns the National Flag. They were followed by the Guptas in the north, while in the south part of India several different Hindu empires, the Cholas, the Pandyas and the Cheras spread and grew, trading with Europe and other parts of Asia till the end of the 1100s. Christianity entered India at about the same time from Europe. Legend has it that St. Thomas the Apostle arrived in India in 52 A.D. Even earlier than that people of the Jewish religion arrived on Indias shores. In approximately the 7th century A.D. a group of Zoroastrians, or Parsees, landed in Gujarat and became a part of the large mix of religions in India today, each of which adds its important and distinctive flavour. In the 15th century Guru Nanak laid the foundation of the Sikh religion in Punjab. To Top In 1192, Mohammed of Ghori, a ruler from Afghanistan, came into India and captured several places in the north including Delhi. When he went home he left one of his generals in charge who became the first Sultan of Delhi. During this time Islam, was introduced into a major part of Northern India. It may be mentioned that even before that, just after the period of the prophet, Islam was brought to the western coast of India by Arab traders and flourished in what is now Kerala. The Dehli Sultanate gradually took control of more and more of North India over the next 200 years, till Timur, who was called Timur the Lame or Tamberlane came from Turkey in 1398 to attack India. He and his army stole all the valuables that they could carry and left again, and after that the Delhi Sultanate was never so strong again. Soon the Mughals, who were from Iran, came in and took control of the north. In the meantime south, in 1336, the Hindu Vijayanagar empire was set up and became very strong. The Europeans Portuguese, French, Dutch, Danish and British started arriving in the early 1600s. All of them held territories in India and made friends and enemies among Indias rulers as they got more and more involved, with the Indian politics, but it was the British who eventually controlled most of India and finally made it one of their colonies. India got its independence from Britain in 1947 after a long struggle led mostly by Mahatma Gandhi. In the process of becoming independent, India became two countries instead of one. In the years since independence India has made huge progress and coped with great problems, and has developed its industry and its agriculture, and has maintained a system of government which makes it the largest democracy in the world. India got its independence from Britain in 1947. Since independence India has made huge evolution and muddle through with great problems, and has maintained a system of government which makes it the largest democracy in the world. Every community and nation try to protect, conserve and develop heritage as an asset, particularly to make them important tourist sites by developing better infrastructure and facilities, which offer a rich cultural experience to tourists and ensure cultural and natural heritage of the destination to be preserved and conserved. To extend INTACHs mandate beyond conservation, the Heritage Tourism Division was set up in December 2005. A cogent system of sustenance of heritage sites was evolved in the activities of the Division. This would allow people to have access to and understand heritage sites in complete detail. The Heritage Tourism Divisions primary work is to synergize heritage with tourism. The Division works for development of sustainable tourism connected with heritage as an asset. A development of tourist facilities is in harmony with the local eco-system and heritage architecture, and regulates sensitivity of design in architectural style of construction of any new tourist facilities. The aim of developing tourism is to conserve and utilize buildings to sustain their maintenance. Heritage Tourism development aspects are: Community Development of tourist receiving destination Socio-economic Growth of the receiving community Preservation and Conservation of cultural and natural heritage sites Income Generation

Tuesday, August 20, 2019

Medulla Oblongata: Function and Location

Medulla Oblongata: Function and Location Medulla oblongata The medulla oblongata is a very interesting part of the brain. This very small section of the brain stem has a very large amount of responsibility in the human body. Studies concerning this section help in the understanding of many basic biological functions of the body. Some of the actions are ones that we dont even notice are happening on a day-to-day basis but are very important to human life. The medulla oblongata has many different connections with other areas of the brain, plays a key role in several functions of the body, has neurotransmitters that are involved in the functioning of this area, has diseases that can greatly affect its roles in the body. The medulla oblongata has many connections to other areas of the brain. The medulla oblongata is the most inferior portion of the brainstem and is about three centimeters long. It slightly bulges out of the brain stem. It is located in between the pons and the spinal cord. The axons that carry sensory information to and motor instructions from the higher brain regions pass through the brainstem. It creates tracts that allow communication to pass through from certain sides of the brain. These tracts house fibers that cross each other in pyramidal region of the medulla oblongata allowing the brain to communicate with the opposite of the body. Vital nuclei located in the gray matter of the medulla oblongata are used for cranial nerves. The medulla oblongata has many different functions in the body. These functions are being performed at all hours of the day, many of them without contribution from other sections of the brain. One main function is relaying signals between the brain and the spinal cord. The medulla helps with coordinating very large body movements liking jogging or climbing. The medulla houses portions of the brain that control what is considered automatic homeostatic functions as well as some primitive organs (Campbell and Reece 2008). The cardiac portion constantly sends inhibitory impulses to the heart to tell it to slow down. This portion also sends acceleratory impulses through the spinal nerves to make the heart beat faster whenever it may be necessary. The vasomotor portion sends impulses via spinal nerves through the spinal cord to muscles walls around arteries causing them to constrict. This constriction of arteries will cause blood pressure to rise. The respiratory portion houses respiratory nuclei that control the depth and rate of breathing. The medulla oblongata also plays a role in reflex responses. The capability to respond quickly to a stimulus can be very important when there is a need to survive. Reflex responses include swallowing, sneezing, vomiting, coughing, and digestion. A lot of these functions are involuntary or start off voluntary and then transform in to involuntary functions. The activity of the medulla oblongata rely on axons that reach many areas of the cerebral cortex and the cerebellum, releasing neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, and acetylcholine. When under stress, norepinephrine relays messages to the brain that control reflex reactions and ability to pay attention. Like epinephrine, norepinephrine also triggers the fight-or-flight response. The fight-or-flight response is directly related to heart rate. It causes glucose from energy being stored to be released and blood flow to increase to muscles that enable the body to react as necessary. Norepinephrine raises blood pressure when used as a drug. This raise in blood pressure causes a correlated drop in heart rate. Dopamine, another neurotransmitter in the brain, opens dopamine receptors also affecting blood pressure and heart rate. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that deals with mood. Excessive aggressive, sadness, or jealousy is linked to the medulla oblongata. Acetylcholine is used in the motor division and cross over in the medulla oblongata. It is involved in muscle movement, autonomic body functions, and excitatory reactions. Many diseases and disorders affect the medulla oblongata. One disorder is a very rare and often fatal medullar abscess (Wait 2009). A medullar abscess is viewed as a condition of rapidly progressive multiple cranial nerve palsies and decreased level of consciousness (Wait 2009). Multiple system atrophy is a neurological disorder that degenerates nerves cells located in areas of the brain including the medulla oblongata. This disease can cause the loss of control of autonomic functions such as bladder control, movement, and coordination (Benarroch 1997). Damage to the medulla oblongata can cause several functions of the body to be thrown off and even death. Because cranial nerves run through this section of the brain injury there can cause several sensory problems. For instance, injury can cause numbness or paralysis of the palate and throat causing drooling and a lack of taste. This numbness can also obviously cause problems with speech. It can also cause gagging, inability to rotate the neck, and acid reflux. Surprisingly if a person suffers from brain damage their body can still function if the medulla oblongata is not damaged. However, damage to the medulla oblongata can cause the need for a breathing machine or other life support equipment. If the medulla oblongata is damaged sometimes the brain and body can recover and no longer need the use of a life support machine, but often the body cannot recover and a person is considered to be brain dead. In this stage, the removal of a life support machine will mean a persons body will no longer function and that person will die. A great assortment of medications and drugs can also alter the state of the medulla oblongata. Overdoses usually result in death because the medulla oblongata cannot carry out its functions under that amount of a specific drug. Opiates, coma, and hypothermia can affect the medulla oblongata in ways that cause the body to exude physical conditions comparable to death. Anesthesia is able to function as it does because its chemical components cause the medulla oblongata to decrease its autonomic functions. References Benarroch E, Smithson I. 1997. Distribution and relationships of neuropeptide y and NADPH-Ddiaphorase in human ventrolateral medulla oblongata. J Auto Nerv Sys. 62(3): 143-146. Hashimoto M, Hatasa M, Shinoda S. 1992. Medulla oblongata germinoma in association with Klinefelter syndrome. Surg Neur. 37(5): 384-387. Wait S, Beres E, Nakaji P. 2009. Bacterial abscess of the medulla oblongata. J Clin Neur. 16(8): 1082-1084. Campbell A, Reece J. 2008. Biology. 8th ed. San Francisco (CA): Benjamin Cummings. 1245.

Monday, August 19, 2019

Effective Use of Montage in the Film, The Night of the Hunter :: Movie Film Essays

Effective Use of Montage in the Film, The Night of the Hunter In the film The Night of the Hunter, director Charles Laughton uses montage on multiple occasions to create a variety of visual and emotional effects. Montage is used to slow time and create tension, as a foreshadowing device, and as a symbolic depiction of the film’s conflict. Towards the end of the film, when John and Pearl Harper escape from Preacher Harry Powell via the river, montage is skillfully utilized to slow time, thus enhancing the drama of the moment. As the children scramble down the riverbank to the rowboat, the frame alternates between a high angle shot of the children by the river and a low angle shot of the Preacher on the hill. With each successive shot, the Preacher moves steadily closer to the boat, slowly building the scene to its dramatic climax and the children’s narrow escape. By alternating the shots in this montage, the entire scene takes longer to depict than if the camera merely showed a stationary long shot. This additional time amplifies the tension of the moment, making John and Pearl’s escape all the more dramatic. As Eisenstein discusses, montage can also be employed as the combination of two unrelated images to create a third, unrelated concept, similar to Japanese writing. Laughton uses this technique in the candy shop scene, when Willa Harper is told she needs a man in her life to take care of her and the children. The shot then changes to a large, black oncoming train, with loud, bass-heavy music in the background. High contrast lighting and the dramatic music intensify the fear the train produces. These two shots alternate several times, the train coming closer each time. The combination of the unrelated images ominously foreshadows the terror and fear to come when Willa meets Preacher Harry, and he begins to lie and scheme his way into her life and secrets. Harry’s domination and control eventually lead to Willa’s murder, and John and Pearl’s desperate escape. This montage in the first half of the film establishes the fearful tone of the remainder of the film. Laughton also uses montage to illustrate the harshness of nature and society during the children’s trip down the river, in the form of close-up shots of various animals, both predator and prey.

Sunday, August 18, 2019

Thrasymachus Perspective on Human Nature Essay -- Thrasymachus Morali

Thrasymachus' Perspective on Human Nature Thrasymachus' perspective of human nature is that we all seek to maximize power, profit and possessions. He gives the argument that morality is not an objective truth but rather a creation of the stronger (ruling) party to serve its own advantage. Therefore definitions of "just" and "unjust", "right" and "wrong", "moral" and "immoral" are all dependent upon the decree of the ruling party. Thrasymachus argues that acting "morally", in accordance with the ruling party, benefits the ruling party, while acting "immorally", injures the ruling party and benefits oneself. Thrasymachus perceives human nature as our ruthless drive toward superiority. He believes that unless we are foolish "moral simpletons," we will act according to what is best for us, namely living immorally on a quest to becoming ruler of the world. He believes that our human nature has no qualms about committing immoral actions. In describing human nature Thrasymachus says, "immorality has a bad name because people are afraid of being at the receiving end of it, not of doing it." (Republic 344c) When we finally reach the goal, the ideal of human nature, we will be able to practice "immorality in its most perfect form," stealing "what doesn't belong to [us] - consecrated and unconsecrated objects, private possessions, and public property - and [we do] so not on a small scale, but comprehensively." (Republic 344a-b) Thrasymachus makes the assumption that we are all driven to acquiring as much power, profit and possessions as possible. His argument for living immorally rests on the assumption that our human nature's burning desire is for more of the three p's (power, profit and possessions), and that there is more ... ...ity is created by those in power, and thus, there is no absolute true morality, he concludes that the best way to satisfy his human desire is to acquire as much power as possible, and take from others as much as he can. Because his view of morality is not fixed but created by those in power, he defines words like "moral", "just", and "right" based on one's compliance with the rules of the ruling party. He claims that acting "morally" serves the ruling party because the ruling party designed the legal structure for its own benefit. Socrates raises some criticisms, especially the criticism showing that people behaving immorally would not be able to act in concert with others and would fall out with others, which are compelling and discredit Thrasymachus' position. From this it is conclusive that Thrasymachus has not entirely captured the essence of human nature.

Essay --

The story of Prophet Muhammad is the best story of all. Prophet Muhammad is the one who had the changed the world around him and had the greatest influence for the people during his time and in today’s world as well. He puts other people welfare before his own; he values other people importance before his own. These values of him made people to loved and respected him for his dedication and honesty to the society. As an Islam’s founder, some people claimed that Prophet Muhammad is a reformer while others claimed him as a revolutionary. Before I make any further argument, let’s first define what’s the difference between a reformer and revolutionary. First of all, I believe a reformer is a person who makes changes in something such as a practice or political issue in order to improve what they already have to be better. Meanwhile, a revolutionary is a person who is either actively involved or advocates revolution. Thus, here I will argue that Prophet Muhamm ad is a reformer instead of a revolutionary. According to Hart (1992), he believed that Prophet Muhammad is the most influential individual in the world and he was the only man in the history who had achieved a lot of success in both sacred and profane matters. He also puts Prophet Muhammad at No. 1 on the list among top 100 ranking of the most influential persons in the history. Prophet Muhammad was born in 570 C.E., in the city of Mecca, in the southern of Arabia. When Prophet Muhammad was forty-years-old, he was convinced that the God (Allah S.W.T.) was communicating with him through Archangel Gabriel and he was chosen to be The One to spread Islam to the people. At the beginning, he advocated only to his close friends and fellow associates. Only by about 613 C.E., Prophet... ... was done without any extra charges or taxes and it was also has to been voluntary and can’t be forced. As the conclusion, I believe that Rasulullah S.A.W. was indeed the savior of the mankind. He showed and guided us on how to solve the problems of humanity from women and children to slaves, the poor, and even to orphans. That was to establish the message from God (Allah S.W.T.) and to save us from the hot fire of Hell after our death. Therefore, it is important for us to read and understand the Al-Qur’an and read the messages of Prophet Muhammad for the success in both lives on earth and the life after death. Moreover, the Prophet also took the brutal tribal system where the rights are not equal to everyone especially to women, children and the poor, and he reformed it into a system where everyone received the same and equal amount of opportunity and chances.

Saturday, August 17, 2019

Managing Air Quality And Pollution Environmental Sciences Essay

API or Air Pollutant Index is the indexs used to specify air quality. Malaysia used API system which follows Pollutant Standard Index ( PSI ) which developed by United States Environmental Protection Agency or US-EPA. Air quality issues are really planetary issue today. The haze phenomena which happened in the twelvemonth 1983, 1984, 1991, 1994 and 1997 has opened our eyes and increased consciousness that air quality issues must be treated earnestly and an effectual plan must be developed in order to supervise, prevent and control air quality. Furthermore, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ( SARS ) late detected in April 2004 besides has addition consciousness on how of import clean and healthy air we needs. Malaya has growing for major transmutation from agricultural to fabricating based state since decennaries ago. Realized on this, the authorities of Malaysia has enacted The Environmental Quality Act ( EQA ) in 1974. By the twelvemonth 1977, authorities has enacted Motor Vehicle ( Control of Smoke and Gas Emissions ) to command black fume which emitted from Diesel vehicles ( Heng 2002 ) . In Malaysia, Department of Environment ( DOE ) is responsible to supervise state air quality via 51 Stationss which located in strategic topographic points either in residential and industrial countries. The increasing Numberss of industrial activities and increasing vehicles contributed significantly to air pollution. Harmonizing to DOE, motor vehicles contributed 82 % to air pollution in Malaysia. How about the vehicles statistics? Statistic by Road Transport section of Malaysia ( until March 2010 ) shows registered autos in Malaysia is 8, 506 080 units, bike with 8,940230 units and public conveyance with 162309 units. This immense Numberss of motor vehicles contribute significantly to air pollution. Therefore, risky impact of air pollution must be monitored, control and prevented as it is about impossible to unclutter it to zero degree but we can work together to cut down the impact and pollution.1.1 The VisionThe vision of the program is to command on nomadic beginnings ( motor vehicles ) and stationary beginnings ( industrial production procedure ) in Malaysia.1.2 Objective of Plan and GoalsAchieving desired air quality degree of control for nomadic beginnings and installations which emits pollutants1.3 Beginnings of Air Pollution in MalaysiaMotor vehicles are the major subscribers to air pollution with 82 % and this is followed by stationary beginnings. The beginnings which categorized in stationary are including industrial installations such as chemical workss, steel Millss, oil refineries and power workss. Generally, stationary contribute emanations about 20 % – 25 % ( DOE cited in Yahya 2006 ) . Attempts are taken by Malayan authorities to advancing sustainable envi ronment where Malaysia has been ranked 38 from 146 states worldwide in environment sustainability.1.4 Developing control schemesThe first measure to develop control schemes is finding precedence pollutants which are air pollutants. In Malaysia, industrial country and busy metropoliss such as Kuala Lumpur are largely affected with pollutants. Among identified countries are Shah Alam ( with 44 recorded unhealthy yearss per 350 yearss ) , Kuala Lumpur ( with 24 recorded unhealthy yearss ) and etc. The following measure is to look into side effects of the schemes selected. However, the development of control schemes must affect multi stakeholders working squad such as the authorities organic structures, private sectors, Non-Government organic structures ( NGO ) and the public engagement.1.5 Control SchemesThere are practical schemes in get the better ofing the issue which are:Air Quality Management schemeThis scheme consists of developing and implementing air quality criterions which co ntains elements of: Optimum control scheme Abatement steps Cost-benefit or cost-effectiveness analyses Air quality appraisal Environmental harm appraisal and Abatement options of appraisalEmission control schemeEmission beginnings are determined by instance by instance footing.Fiscal inducement schemeBy this scheme, inducements such as gross revenues revenue enhancement are given for those who are commanding air pollution.Cost benefit schemeThis scheme determines rationally how much harm should accept from air pollution compared to be in cut downing the harm.2.0 Engineering Control ConceptsBy and large, there are four technology constructs that can be applied to command emanation of air pollutants which is: Changing or modifying design of procedure Changing or modifying runing status of the procedure Change of natural stuffs and fuel Installing appropriate pollution remotion devices or system3.0 Long Term PlanUsing the right schemes for long term program are important as the job arising must be identified and analyzed foremost. As illustration, a instance happens of commanding industrial pollution at Sao Paolo, Brazil. They are concentrating at particulate affair emanations which produced by industries. In other manus, dust emanations caused by traffics or Mobiles really were the major jobs and had been overlooked. Therefore, side effects, root causes and beginnings must be identified to choose incorporate and suited attacks.3.1: Emission Tax FeeFor long term Air Quality direction program, Malaysia may larn and implement as what had been implemented in Taiwan. Taiwan has introduced and implementing emanation revenue enhancement fee in 1995 for defilers. The scenario is about same as Malaysia where stationary beginnings and nomadic beginning are the chief subscribers for pollution in Taiwan. Harmonizing to Chung-H sing National University research, 50 % of SO2 emanation has been reduced since 1997 to the twelvemonth 2000. How did they make this? They used TEDS or Taiwan Emission Database as stock lists for this research. This research has shows consequences where pollutants are being connected closely with their emanation distributions. For Malayan, local universities may take portion and contribute to research that may take to high engineering invention in order to bring forth healthy air quality. There a tonss of universities that is capable in carry oning researches in Malaysia such as Universiti Sains Malaysia ( USM ) , Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia ( UKM ) , Universiti Malaya ( UM ) and etc. These stairss in my sentiment are a good measure as the research can be continues for long term besides bring forthing high quality and Numberss of station alumnus pupils in Malaysia.3.2: Government EngagementIn order to accomplish developed state vision and at the same clip stay its environment sustainability, Malaysia must continuously better air quality direction which has begun in 2002. Two old ages subsequently in 2004, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment was formed which consists of 10 environment and natural resources bureaus. Happening of haze phenomena late in Muar, Johor on 19th October 2010 has opened our eyes how serious air quality and the impacts are to us. Schools were advised to shut temporarily by Deputy Prime Minister as countermeasures to forestall the state of affairs from acquiring worse. Therefore, countermeasures such as implementing rigorous Torahs should be done where compound should be implemented to those who are involved in industries which produ ce pollution, unfastened combustion, over limit emanations or fumes from nomadic and etc.3.3: Rigorous Environment Quality RegulationsChart 1: Registered Vehicles in Malaysia ( by twelvemonth ) Mobile beginnings remain as the biggest subscribers of pollutants in term of C monoxide and N oxide emanations. Harmonizing to Road Transport Department, Numberss of vehicles and Mobiles in Malaysia were increasing every twelvemonth as is Chart 1. In 2004, Environment Quality Regulation ( Control of Emission from Motorcycles ) has been gazette. This nevertheless, need to be updated from clip to clip as our state are turning even though universe economic system clime is about to retrieve. Table 3.3 ( a ) as per below shows the statistics of increasing registered Numberss of vehicles in Malaya:Year / Types of Registered vehicles2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Cars 537900 458294 468512 537092 513954 Motorcycles 422255 448751 484598 543122 441545 Public vehicles 9981 9090 7692 9713 8209 Table 3.3 ( a ) : Registered Vehicles in Malaysia as recorded by Road Transport Department ( by Year ) Large Numberss of vehicles besides means big sum of emanation. Therefore, enforcement and reappraisal of air quality ordinance must be done often and accommodate the latest demand. Department of Environment ( DOE ) Malaysia must play major functions in implementing rigorous ordinances. DOE may patterns periodic audit to premises harmonizing to Environment Quality Act 1974. Besides that, other actions that suggested to be performed are fastening new application for licensing ( as subdivision 11 ) .3.4: Public EngagementPublic engagement may guarantee that community and other parties working together in the development procedure. Populaces may involved by describing any unfastened combustion or improper industries activities in their country to the governments bureaus. Malayan may larn from US citizens civilization where persons are responsible and develop their ain program which called State Implementation Plan or SIP which related to air quality issues. Harmonizing to the program, ea ch province must hold ain SIP. Each province in US is required to hold SIP which contains schemes and control steps to get the better of pollution issues.4.0 Mobile Source Control StrategyProposed action on commanding nomadic beginnings is:Plan 4.1 New Vehicles DesignEmission from Mobiles can be controlled by assorted methods. One of the methods is utilizing catalytic convertors. Catalytic convertor was a device introduced by a Gallic mechanical applied scientist whom is Eugene Houdry. The catalytic are functioned to diminish toxic emanations from internal burning engine. Nowadays, autos are equipped with this device which maps to cut down C monoxide, VOCs and NOx emanations. Vehicles are besides can plan to accommodate environment friendly and at the same clip utilizing less polluting fuels. Therefore, less emanation and pollutants are produced.Plan 4.2 Conduct Awareness plan and runUsing media, public run, seminars and uninterrupted plan on may increase consciousness on emanations produced by Mobiles or stationary beginnings. Media plays large influences in our life daily particularly in presenting information. Educating people particularly at school and universities may implement from now on to ‘born ‘ the earlier consciousness. In guaranting the run works efficaciously, internet web can be selected as a medium to present messages such as ‘Green Technology ‘ run in TV3 channel.Plan 4.3 Amendment and presenting consecutive regulations and ordinancesGovernment organic structures such as Road Transport Department ( JPJ ) could play of import map such as carry oning on a regular basis and scheduled vehicles review. Inspection and ca re is a best manner to guarantee emanations are controlled right and efficaciously. In United States, rider autos and trucks are required to run into rigorous pollution criterions before it can be sold to market. Malaysia besides can implement and better this method better particularly for vehicles which has been used for more than 5 old ages. In other words, rigorous pollution criterions are reviewed and implemented on a regular basis. Besides that, higher compound can be introduced to do certain the ordinances are effected efficaciously.Plan 4.4 Introducing and advancing Green Technology Mobiles in MalayaPresents, intercrossed engine and electric autos has been get downing to developed and marketed. Toyota, Honda, Mitsubishi and other elephantine automotive companies are viing with each other to bring forth environment friendly autos. In order to command Mobiles emanations in Malaysia, why non PROTON, PERODUA and MODENAS working together to develop loanblend and electric based engines which involved motorcycles, autos, trucks and MPV ‘s. This measure may guarantee that our hereafters are cleaner where less fumes and emanations are produced. Malaysia still used gasoline based and so far, no loanblend or to the full electric based engines can be found on the route. By taking action today, who knows, possibly all vehicles in the hereafter are 90 % utilizing electric and intercrossed engines. This issue has been raised by Deputy Prime Minister, Tan Sri Muhyiddin Yassin whom urged Malayan companies to put in developing green and clean engineering for future vehicles. Collaboration with local universities, sellers and makers could recognize this program as Malaysia had more than 690 maker of constituents and 110 of bikes makers.Plan 4.5 Applying technology control constructsLet ‘s take an illustration from India as something we could larn and adapted. In India, 70 % of air pollution is caused by motor vehicles, two shot engines as the major subscriber, use of old autos which is more than 20 old ages and uses of low quality fuel with high S contents ( in Diesel ) . Therefore, the countermeasures taken are bettering fuel quality ; strengthen care and review and decrease of benzine from 3 % to merely 1 % . The constructs of alteration of natural stuffs and fuels are efficaciously solved this issue. In Malaysia, we could see vehicles which are 5 old ages and sometime ages up to 10 old ages are still traveling on the route. This civilization is wholly different in Japan where they will alter to new autos after it achieve five old ages of use. Why non in Malaysia, we strengthen review and care policy for vehicles for every 5 old ages or less? This could guarantee that vehicles on the route are safe and lone bring forth little per centum of emanations.Plan 4.6 Bettering Fuel QualityMost underdeveloped states are working on cut downing contents of S and lead. By bettering fuel quality, it is indirectly presenting Compressed Natural Gas ( CNG ) which free of S and lead. PETRONAS nevertheless has done fuel quality betterment by being the first oil company in Malaysia whom offer ‘SL ‘ service categorization of American Petroleum Institute ( API ) . Now, PETRONAS is perchance the fi rst in the universe which offer engine oil with new API ‘SM ‘ categorization. Therefore, support from authorities and uninterrupted researches are required to better fuels quality from clip to clip. Universities and private sectors should works together in this scheme as engineering can be portion and being improved from clip to clip.5.0 Stationary Beginnings Control StrategyPower works, smelters, cement workss, refineries and other industrial procedures are categorized as stationary beginnings. The factors that must be considered to choose appropriate scheme are: Stationary beginning status Control of efficiency required and Pollutant collected Therefore, suggested program to command stationary beginnings in Malaysia are:Plan: 5.1 Interstates coordination and cooperationNatural gas are widely use in power generating sectors. Due to that, interstate plan can be introduced to command letter papers particularly in identified country with high possible pollution such as industries country and extremely development or building country. Harmonizing to Country Synthesis Report on Urban Air Quality Management ( 2006 ) , major industries which impacting air quality in Malaysia are: Iron and steel industry Oil and gas industry Petrochemical sectors Pulp and paper Power workss and Waste incineration sector Therefore, attempts are taken to cut down dependence on the use of natural gas since Eight Malaysia Plan and it is expected to cut down to 56 % in the twelvemonth 2010. Government should work hard on this continuously as we could non depend 100 % on natural gas and crude oil beginnings as the costs are acquiring higher for the exploring costs. Systematic informations and constitution of informations centre which portions information between provinces may roll up all information demands, analysis intent and looking for the countermeasures based on instance by instance.Plan: 5.2 Application of Nano-technologyNowadays, we can hear everybody speaking about Nano-technology development. What is meant by Nano-technology? Harmonizing to Merriam-Webster Dictionary ( 1987 ) , it is define as â€Å" an art of pull stringsing stuffs on an atomic or molecule particularly to develop microscopic devices † . Construction stuffs, merchandises such as skate board and etc and place applications merchandise can be produce by this method. As an illustration, air conditioner are developed utilizing this new engineering. For air conditioner, Nano Carbon, Nano Silver and NanoPhotocatalyst are some of the illustrations that have been marketed. Therefore, authorities may give support by cut downing revenue enhancement and monetary values to Malaysians in order to promote them to purchase these types of merchandises.Plan 5.3 Applying control engineeringsStationary beginnings can be control by using technology control concepts every bit mentioned above ( publish 2.0 ) such as use of low Sulfur fuels. As an illustration, TNB power Stationss in Jana Manjung as reported in TV3 is utilizing low Ss and low bitumen coal as its chief beginnings in bring forthing electric power and at the same clip cut down pollution. The works was equipped with waste H2O intervention to handle its wastewater before released into the sea. The works can be the best samples as it meet higher emanation criter ions in ASEAN as it operates to particulate degrees of merely 50 mg/NmA? compared to expected ASEAN degree which is 400 mg/NmA? . Even though the cost is high, this application is seems benefit us and at the same clip control and cut down pollution. The other method is through fuel pricing where cleaner fuels should included in economic inducements. Due to this, cleaner fuels may gazette as control monetary value points in Malaysia. This has been announced on 10th June 2010 by Malayan Prime Minister, Dato ‘ Sri Mohd Najib Bin Tun Haji Abdul Razak on RMK 10 where he stressed that the monetary value of those points are guaranteed will non to increased dramatically.Plan 5.4 Adapting International Standard Organization ( ISO )ISO is a widely known organisation which formed connexion between public sectors and authorities. In order to accomplish desired degree of control, implementing ISO criterions may one of effectual schemes as the criterions are compiled in inside informations. The illustrations of criterions which can be applied are: No. Standard Aims 1. ISO8573-1:2010 Specify pureness of tight air at peculiar point 2. ISO8573 Parts 2 to 9 To prove air tight system for specific contaminations 3. ISO8573-4:2001 Test method for solid atom content 4. ISO8573-6:2003 Test method for gaseous contamination content Modern installations which required by ISO already included effectual attacks which the ends are to accomplish stringent air quality degrees.Plan 5.5 Promoting cleaner productionsThis means, effectual and procedure were running with high efficiency to forestall or cut down pollution of air, H2O and air. By proper direction of production, stuffs, energy and cost can be salvage a batch. Besides that, presenting licence or particular license for extremely pollutant procedures can be done in productions.Plan 5.6 Industrial Zoning PlanningBasically, industries country should turn up far from residential or sensitive countries. Resettlement of bing industries zone besides can be considered but that depends on economical factors. For sensitive country, monitoring can be done by turn uping proper instruments to supervise and command emanations. Resettlement of major beginning of pollution besides can be considered as had been done for cement works in Haiphong, Vietnam. The works has identifi ed by Vietnam Environmental Management Strategy as major subscribers of suspended particulates. As solutions, the authorities of Vietnam has agreed to relocate the works as the best countermeasure.6.0 Factors should considered during development of control schemesConsideration must be taken before developing and implementing control schemes efficaciously. The factors which must be review are:Economic factorsEconomic factors that must be considered are capital, runing cost, life clip of equipments and care. The chief inquiries here will be who will bear the cost? Ideally, the authorities must put for the installations and latest engineering must be updated particularly for high engineering equipments, the operating cost and care occupation to keep it. Therefore, those who are involve and caused pollution should pay or compounded or utilizing the ‘Polluter Pays Principles ‘ . This is besides a manner to bring forth and obtain support. This can be used for environmental intent, care of equipments such as monitoring devices, runing cost and as a fund for implementing schemes. This has been implemented in Taiwan where the financess are used for financing advanced thoughts and besides back uping research sing air quality issues.6.0.2 Environmental factorsAir quality conditions in Malaysia are monitored by Department of Environment ( DOE ) through 51 Stationss. In add-on, 21 different sites utilizing High Volume Sampler were established to mensurate entire suspended particulate, particulate affair PM10 and heavy metal. Therefore, possible industry country such as palm oil workss, steel industries, cements and etc must aimed as precedence country to be monitored. Presents, environment conditions are altering instantly. Why? Haze phenomena are something must be look at. It happens 1000s stat mis from Malaysia and all of a sudden we faced the effects here. In planing effectual control scheme, factor that must be considered includes: Legal demands Contribution of control system as pollutant Ambient air quality conditions Adequate public-service corporations such as H2O scrubbers Malayan Environment Quality Act 1974 is related to bar, sweetening to environment and control of pollution. As the clip maintain traveling on, these statute laws should be review as environment and pollution issues are being wider range now. One the issue is haze which has been faced by Malaysia late. Therefore, control scheme as rigorous statute laws is one of good method which can be applied in Malaysia. In most underdeveloped states, rigorous criterions are set and applied for new imported autos as a manner to cut down bing job of pollution in a metropolis. As DOE is the section whom supervising air quality conditions, they are responsible to turn up the monitoring devices. As to day of the month, strategic locations has been equipped with Continuous Air Quality Monitoring Station as per below image. Photograph 6.0.2a: Continuous Air Quality Monitoring Station ( DOE Photo Library ) Besides that, ambient air quality is monitored by 51 Stationss which located strategically. Therefore, these equipments must be maintained and new 1s should be considered if air quality in that new country ( such as industry or extremely polluted ) detected harmful to human wellness.Engineering factorsBesides environment and economic factor, technology factors besides play of import functions. Engineering factors should be considered in developing schemes. Factors such as gas watercourse characteristic, public presentation features of control system used, contaminant characteristic i.e. toxicity must be identified and analyzed. Therefore, this may assist a batch in developing the right approaches or schemes. Besides that, it is of import to see all technology instruments available. This is because experience has shows that utilizing multiple is most effectual for peculiar air issue. As an illustration, an beforehand analysis of the effectual analysis of a scheme implemented has been done in Chennai, India. Assessment was conducted and sulfur dioxide emanation has emanating in populated country from thermic workss. By engaging adept advisers, scrubbers and mechanical dust aggregators has been chosen as the most effectual pick to work out this issue. As the consequences, sulfur dioxide emanations from thermic works have been reduced to 90 % . From this scenario, we can state that thorough analysis must be conducted before placing and accommodate the best scheme to be adapted. Today, tonss of modern and sophisticated equipments or devices available for the intent of commanding pollution. It can be used as tools for monitoring, commanding, destructing contaminations from exhaust watercourse and to take them before it is emitted to atmosphere. Some of the devices that can be usage are bag houses, particulate scrubbers, electrostatic precipitators and mechanical aggregator such as dust cyclone. Therefore, using new engineerings for both of pollution beginnings should be considered in developing control schemes.DecisionsMultiple pick of schemes are seems the better manner in battling Mobile and stationary beginnings of pollution. The selected attacks may non accommodate all instance at one clip. It may depend on the root cause or emanations produced. Due to that, depending on merely one method of attacks or schemes is non a good pattern. The impact of side effects or pro and cons of a scheme being develop must be studied and good plan. Again, coaction with authorities organic structures, private sectors and local universities can be formed for these intents. This is due that to assorted establishments whether authorities or non authorities are responsible to pull off and keeping air quality in Malaysia. In short, cooperation is extremely required for preparation of effectual schemes. Public sectors may affect in assisting authorities implementing control schemes. Therefore, squad work is indispensable in developing and implementing selected schemes. In implementing a scheme whether in get the better ofing Mobile or stationary beginnings, the scheme itself should develop in cooperation with authorities, private sectors, and besides civil society. By this manner, it will advance sense of ownership particularly to guarantee the successful of 1 Malaysia non merely for development of our state, economic but including environment issues. However, those developed schemes must be monitored. This is due to of import of showing clearly the different phases or stages of execution. Therefore, the advancement can be tracked and the scheme can be improved. Media besides could play of import functions in scattering information and consciousness sing air quality plan. This is easier as cyberspace is one of the best options available. This scheme has been implemented in China as their authorization ‘s organic structures describing on pollutants in 42 metropoliss as an consciousness plan get downing from the twelvemonth of 1999.